Cairo

The Mosque of Muhammad Ali (1830-48 AD) dominates the Cairo Citadel (1176-83 AD). Saladin built the Citadel to protect Cairo from the Crusaders and it was Egypt's seat of government for 700 years.

The Madrasa (school) of Sultan Hassan (1356-63 AD) is next to the Citadel. It was built using confiscated estates of victims of the Black Death.

Top: The al-Ghuri Complex (1505 AD) includes twin buildings on each side of al-Mu'iz Li-din Allah Street, the avenue through Cairo's medieval walled area and the Khan al-Khalili market. Bottom: The mosque in the al-Ghuri Complex.

The al-Azhar Mosque (970 AD).

Upper Egypt

Luxor Temple (1400 BC) in Luxor was dedicated to the Theban triad of gods, Amun, Mut, and Chons.

The mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (1498-83 BC) is on the Nile's west bank, across from Luxor. Hatshepsut ruled during the New Kingdom but built her temple next to the much earlier mortuary temple of Middle Kingdom founder Mentuhotep II.

The mortuary temple of Ramses II, the Ramesseum (13th century BC), is also on the west bank.

A relief in the Temple of Seti I (ruled 1294-79 BC) in Abydos, 135 kilometers north of Luxor. Abydos was the cult center of the god of the dead Osiris, but the temple has shrines for seven gods. The temple is famous for the Abydos King List, which gives the cartouches for the pharaohs through Seti, and is a "Rosetta stone" of Egyptian history.

The sanctuary of the Temple of Edfu (237-57 BC), which was dedicated to the falcon god Horus. Edfu is 115 kilometers south of Luxor.

The santuary of the Temple of Philae, which was dedicated to Isis, the goddess of life, magic, and motherhood. The temple is near Aswan, 180 kilometers south of Luxor.

Alexandria

Fort Qaitbey (1477 AD) was built using stones from the ruined Lighthouse of Alexandria, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.